This enchanting area, formed by the ancient cities of Anuradhapura to the north, Polonnaruwa to the east, and Kandy to the south-west, along with the serene landscapes of Ritigala, Sigiriya, and Dambulla, is a treasure trove for those seeking to delve into the island nation's storied past. Join us on a journey as we explore the captivating experiences that await in Sri Lanka’s Cultural Triangle.
Overview
Anuradhapura: Timeless Grandeur
Anuradhapura by Shameer Muthalif
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Anuradhapura by David Reed
Anuradhapura, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the capital of the North Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage site that boasts a rich history dating back over two millennia. This fascinating ancient city of the Sinhala kings is considered one of Sri Lanka’s most important archaeological sites and is where Buddhism was first introduced to the island in the 3rd century BC.
Wander through the sacred grounds of the ancient city to discover intricately carved ruins, large artificial lakes, colossal stupas and the sacred Bodhi Tree, believed to be a descendant of the tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment.
One such colossal stupa is Ruwanweliseya, standing at 92 metres tall and guarded by an impressive frieze of 344 elephants standing shoulder to shoulder. This Buddhist stupa houses the largest collection of the Buddha’s relics in the world and was constructed by King Dutugemunu in 140 BCE.
The serene atmosphere and architectural marvels make Anuradhapura a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts.
Dambulla: Cave Temples and Cultural Splendour
Dambulla Cave Temples by David Reed
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Dambulla is renowned for its stunning cave temples, a UNESCO World Heritage site that houses intricate murals and over 150 Buddha statues. The Dambulla cave temples are the largest and best-preserved cave temple complex in Sri Lanka and have been inhabited by Buddhist monks since the 3rd century. For over 2,000 years this sacred pilgrimage site has attracted devotees seeking spiritual solace and connection with the historical roots of Buddhism.
Nestled at the base of a colossal granite outcrop towering over 160 metre above its surroundings, the caves reveal a sanctuary adorned with hundreds of Buddha statues, some intricately carved from the very rock itself. Within the expanse of the Dambulla caves vibrant murals cover 2,100 square metres, portraying scenes from the life of the Buddha, his past incarnations, as well as some historical events and legends of Sri Lanka.
After exploring the caves, venture into the nearby Golden Temple and marvel at the colossal golden Buddha statues and vibrant paintings.
Polonnaruwa: Ancient Royal City
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Gal Vihara, Polonnaruwa by Annelieke Huijgens
The ancient city of Polonnaruwa lies at the cultural triangle’s easternmost point and was Sri Lanka’s second capital from the 11th century to the 13th century. The UNESCO-listed site offers a fascinating glimpse into Sri Lanka's medieval history. Explore the well-preserved ruins of royal palaces, temples, and statues, showcasing the grandeur of the ancient Sinhalese civilisation.
The Gal Vihara boasts 4 colossal Buddha statues skilfully carved from a single granite rock. The standing Buddha reaches an impressive height of 7 metres, while the reclining Buddha stretches a remarkable 14 metres in length. These statues and other ancient structures at Polonnaruwa stand as a testament to the artistic and architectural prowess of the time.
Ritigala: Mystical Serenity
Ritigala by Lisa Turner
Set deep in the jungle around a large hill formed by huge sculptural granite monoliths, lies the ancient and now abandoned hermitage of Ritigala. Today the visible remains are those of a Buddhist monastic congregation that used to practice meditation in total austerity. Rarely visited by tourists, this mystical place is incredibly beautiful and unspoilt with shady forests filled with streams, pools and granite boulders leading to ruins with various meditation platforms.
Explore the hiking trails leading to the summit, where you'll find the ruins of a monastery and breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Ritigala offers a unique blend of history and natural beauty.
Sigiriya: The Lion Rock
Sigiriya by Shameer Muthalif
No exploration of the Cultural Triangle is complete without climbing the iconic Sigiriya, also known as the Lion Rock. This UNESCO World Heritage site is one of the most iconic landmarks in Sri Lanka, and is celebrated for its stunning architecture, intricate frescoes, and beautifully landscaped gardens. This ancient rock fortress rises dramatically from the surrounding plains and offers panoramic views of the lush landscapes below. Built by King Kasyapa, the impressive 5-acre fort sat astride the rock and a city nestled at its base, but now the city is gone and the fortress is in ruins.
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Sigiriya by Lisa Turner
Sigiriya by Shameer Muthalif
As you make your way towards Lion Rock, the gardens of Sigiriya unfold, a mesmerising series of pools, fountains, terraces and pavilions. On a small plateau about halfway up the side of this rock, the remains of an enormous stone lion lie in wait, guarding the final set of stairs to the summit.
Be sure to brave the now-sturdy spiral staircase to marvel at the 19 frescoes of female nature spirits (Apsaras) painted beneath an overhang about 90 metres up the rock. The frescoes are beautiful, still vibrant after 1,500 years.
Kandy: A Sacred City
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Temple of the Tooth, Kandy by Lisa Turner
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Temple of the Tooth, Kandy by David Reed
Kandy is a truly charming town, set around an artificial lake and amidst rolling hills covered by forests and tea plantations. Renowned for its historical significance, this city served as the last capital of the ancient Sinhalese kings and remains a hub of traditional arts and culture.
At the heart of Kandy lies the iconic Temple of the Tooth, a sacred haven that has stood since the 16th century. Within its sacred confines, the temple safeguards one of Buddhism's holiest relics—the tooth of Lord Buddha, collected from his funeral pyre – attracting pilgrims and tourists alike. While open to visitors, the temple's inner sanctum, where the heavily guarded golden casket containing the tooth relic resides, remains off-limits. Admire the ornate carvings, paintings, and decorations that grace the temple, immersing yourself in the spiritual and artistic legacy that defines this UNESCO World Heritage site.
Beyond its religious importance, Kandy is celebrated for its vibrant festivals, including the renowned Esala Perahera, a grand procession featuring elephants adorned in colourful attire, traditional dancers, and the captivating rhythms of traditional drummers. As a gateway to the hill country, Kandy enriches the Cultural Triangle with its unique blend of history, spirituality, and culture.
Experience the magic of Esala Perahera on our Sri Lankan Discovery Kandy Festival departure.
Discover Sri Lanka's Cultural Triangle with Bunnik Tours
The Cultural Triangle of Sri Lanka is a treasure trove of historical wonders, natural beauty, and cultural significance. From the ancient cities of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Kandy to the tranquil retreat of Ritigala and the iconic Sigiriya, each destination offers a unique blend of experiences that cater to the diverse interests of travellers. Whether you're a history enthusiast, nature lover, or adventure seeker, the Cultural Triangle promises an unforgettable journey through the heart of Sri Lanka's rich heritage.
Discover the Cultural Triangle of Sri Lanka and more with Bunnik Tours, choosing from our classic Sri Lankan Discovery small group tour, or our deluxe Sri Lanka In-Style tour.
